In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Stoichiometry: Definition, Formula, Example Chemical Stoichiometry – Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship among the amounts of reacting chemical species. – This subject provides a brief review of stoichiometry and its applications to chemical calculations. – The stoichiometry of a reaction is the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Fusion Process ( Definition, Occurrence, Examples, Applications) Nuclear Fusion Process  – The Nuclear Fusion Process is the opposite of nuclear fission. – Nuclear fusion may be defined as the process in which two lightweight nuclei combine or fuse to form a …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Concentration of Solutions Concentration of Solutions (Definitions, Formulas, Solved Problems). Concentration of Solutions – For history, measurements and their corresponding units were invented at the local level. – By necessity of primitive communication and local technology, standards were nearly nonexistent, and conversions …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Reactor (Definition, Components) Nuclear Reactor – It has been possible to control the fission of U-235 so that energy is released slowly at a usable rate. – Controlled fission is carried out in a specially designed plant called a nuclear power …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Fission (Definition, Properties, Examples, Applications) Nuclear Fission Process   – In 1939, Hahn and Stassmann discovered that a heavy atomic nucleus of uranium-235 upon bombardment by a neutron splits apart into two or more nuclei. – U-235 first absorbs a neutron …

  SI Units   – Scientists throughout the world have adopted a standardized system of units known as the International System of Units (SI). – This system (SI) is based on the seven fundamental base units shown in Table (1). – Numerous other useful units, such as volts, hertz, coulombs, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Safety in the laboratory Safety in The Laboratory – There is necessarily a degree of risk associated with any work in a chemical laboratory. – Accidents can and do happen. – Strict adherence to the following rules will go far toward preventing …

The Laboratory Notebook – A laboratory notebook is needed to record measurements and observations concerning an analysis. – The book should be permanently bound with consecutively numbered pages (if necessary, the pages should be hand-numbered before any entries are made). – Most notebooks have more than ample room, so there …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to Calibrate Volumetric Glassware in the laboratory Calibration of Volumetric Glassware – Volumetric glassware is calibrated by measuring the mass of a liquid (usually distilled or deionized water) of known density and temperature that is contained in (or delivered by) the volumetric …

  Volumetric Flask – A volumetric flask is manufactured with capacities ranging from 5 mL to 5 L and is usually calibrated to contain (TC) a specified volume when filled to a line etched on the neck.  – They are used for the preparation of standard solutions and the dilution …

Pipets – Pipets permit the transfer of accurately known volumes from one container to another. – Common types are shown in Figure (1), and information concerning their use is given in Table (1).  – A volumetric, or transfer, pipet (Figure 1a) delivers a single, fixed volume between 0.5 and 200 …

Burets – Burets, like measuring pipets, make it possible to deliver any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device. – The precision attainable with a buret is substantially greater than the precision with a pipet. – A buret consists of a calibrated tube to hold the titrant plus …

– The precise measurement of volume is as important to many analytical methods as the precise measurement of mass. (1) Units of Volume – The unit of volume is the liter (L), defined as one cubic decimeter. – The milliliter (mL) is one one-thousandth of a liter (0.001 L) and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the general Types of Organic Reactions Types of Organic Reactions – Like other compounds, organic molecules undergo acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions. – Organic molecules also undergo substitution, elimination, and addition reactions. (1) Substitution Reactions – Substitution reaction is a reaction in which an …

– In this subject, we will discuss Writing Equations for Organic Reactions. Writing Equations for Organic Reactions (1) Like other reactions, equations for organic reactions are usually drawn with a single reaction arrow (→) between the starting material and product, but other conventions make these equations look different from those …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Filtration and Ignition of Solids. – Several techniques and experimental arrangements allow solids to be filtered and ignited with minimal contamination and error. (1) Apparatus for Filtration of Solids (a) Simple Crucibles  – Simple crucibles serve only as containers. – Porcelain, aluminum …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Concise Physical Chemistry book by Donald W.Rogers The Preface of Concise Physical Chemistry book    – Physical chemistry stands at the intersection of the power and generality of classical and quantum physics with the minute molecular complexity of chemistry …

– In this subject, we will discuss Free Download Electrochemistry book (Principles, Methods, and Applications) The Preface of Electrochemistry book – Electrochemistry has undergone significant transformations in the last few decades. – It is not now the province of academics interested only in measuring thermodynamic properties of solutions or of …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Fundamentals of Chemistry book by Romain Elsair. Aim of Fundamentals of Chemistry book – This book addresses first-year students and aims at: (1) Developing further knowledge and understanding of some core scientific concepts and principles (2) Improving ability to …

Reaction Yield – The amount of limiting reagent present at the start of a reaction determines the theoretical yield of the reaction, that is, the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagents reacted. – The theoretical yield, then, is the maximum obtainable yield, predicted by the …