Analytical Chemistry

The Formation of Complexes – Most metal ions react with electron-pair donors to form coordination compounds or complexes. – The donor species, or ligand, must have at least one pair of unshared electrons available for bond formation. – Water, ammonia, and halide ions are common inorganic ligands. In fact most …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Applications of Neutralization Titrations. Typical Applications of Neutralization Titrations – Neutralization titrations are used to determine the many inorganic, organic, and biological species that possess acidic or basic properties. – In addition, however, there are nearly as many applications in which the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Reagents for Neutralization Titrations. Reagents for Neutralization Titrations – we noted before that strong acids and strong bases produce the largest change in pH at the equivalence point. – For this reason, standard solutions for neutralization titrations are always prepared from these …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Composition of Solutions During acid/Base Titration. The Composition of Solutions During acid/Base Titration – We are often interested in the changes in composition that occur while a solution of a weak acid or a weak base is being titrated. – These changes …

– In this topic, we will discuss The titration Curves for Weak Bases. Titration Curves for Weak Bases – The calculations needed to draw the titration curves for weak bases are analogous to those of a weak acid, as shown in The following Example . A 50.00-mL aliquot of 0.0500 …

Titration Curves for Weak Acids – Four distinctly different types of calculations are needed to compute values for a weak acid (or a weak base) titration curves: (1) At the beginning, the solution contains only a weak acid or a weak base, and the pH is calculated from the concentration …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Titration of Strong Acids and Bases. Introduction to Titration of Strong Acids and Bases – The hydronium ions in an aqueous solution of a strong acid have two sources: (1) the reaction of the acid with water. (2) the dissociation of water …

– In this topic, we will discuss the Indicators and Solutions for acid-base titration. Indicators and Solutions for acid-base titration – Like all titrations, neutralization titrations depend on a chemical reaction of the analyte with a standard reagent. – There are several different types of acid/base titrations. – One of …

– In this topic, we will discuss the Titration Curves in Analytical Chemistry : Definition and Types Titration Curves – An end point is signaled by an observable physical change near the equivalence point of a titration. – The two most widely used signals involve (1) changes in color due …

Gravimetric titrations – Mass (weight) or gravimetric titrations differ from their volumetric counterparts in that the mass of titrant is measured rather than the volume. – Therefore, in a mass titration, a balance and a weighable solution dispenser are substituted for a buret and its markings. – Gravimetric titrations actually …

Some Terms Used in Volumetric Titration – A standard solution (or a standard titrant) is a reagent of known concentration that is used to carry out a volumetric titration. – The volumetric titration is performed by slowly adding a standard solution from a buret or other liquid dispensing device to …

Applications of Gravimetric methods – Gravimetric methods have been developed for most inorganic anions and cations, as well as for such neutral species as water, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and iodine. – A variety of organic substances can also be determined gravimetrically. – Examples include lactose in milk products, salicylates …

– In this topic, we will discuss the Precipitation Gravimetry as an important one of Gravimetric Analysis in analytical chemistry. What is Gravimetric Analysis? – Gravimetric analysis is a method to determine the quantity of an analyte based on the mass of a solid.  – Gravimetric methods of analysis are …

– In this topic, we will discuss Activity coefficients : Definition, Equation, Examples and Properties. Activity Coefficients – Chemists use a term called activity, a, to account for the effects of electrolytes on chemical equilibria. – The activity, or effective concentration, of species X depends on the ionic strength of …

The Effect of Electrolyte on Chemical Equilibria – Experimentally, we find that the position of most solution equilibria depends on the electrolyte concentration of the medium, even when the added electrolyte contains no ion in common with those participating in the equilibrium. – For example, consider again the oxidation of …

What is Analytical Chemistry? Analytical chemistry is what analytical chemists do. – Analytical chemistry is too broad and active a discipline for us to easily or completely define in an introductory textbook. Instead, we will try to say a little about what analytical chemistry is, as well as a little …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acid and Base Dissociation Constants (Ka and Kb) Acid and Base Dissociation Constants – When a weak acid or a weak base is dissolved in water, partial dissociation occurs. – Thus, for nitrous acid, we can write: – where Ka is the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa – Many organic reactions involve the transfer of a proton by an acid–base reaction. – An important consideration, therefore, is the relative strengths of compounds that could potentially act as …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Solubility Product (Ksp): Definition, Formula, Problems Solubility Product Constant Ksp – Most, but not all, sparingly soluble salts are essentially completely dissociated in a saturated aqueous solution. – For example, when an excess of barium iodate is equilibrated with water, the dissociation …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Dilution of Solutions and Dilution Law. Dilution of Solutions – Concentrated solutions are often stored in the laboratory stockroom for use as needed. – Frequently we dilute these “stock” solutions before working with them.  – Dilution of solution is the procedure for …