– In this subject, we will discuss Conformations of Cyclohexane: The Chair and the Boat Conformations of Cyclohexane: The Chair and the Boat Cyclohexane is more stable than the other cycloalkanes we have discussed, and it has several conformations that are important for us to consider. (1) The most stable conformation …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acidity Differences between Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids Acidity of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols – Carboxylic acids are weak acids, typically having pKa values in the range of 3–5. – Alcohols, by comparison, have pKa values in the range of 15–18 and essentially do …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. Introduction to The Kinetic Molecular Theory – The gas laws help us to predict the behavior of gases, but they do not explain what happens at the molecular level to cause the changes we observe in the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acid and Base Dissociation Constants (Ka and Kb) Acid and Base Dissociation Constants – When a weak acid or a weak base is dissolved in water, partial dissociation occurs. – Thus, for nitrous acid, we can write: – where Ka is the …

– Before you solve these problems, you can read this subject for Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (Statement, Mathematical, Importance, Application). – Let us understand Dalton’s law by solving these problems. Solved Problems on Dalton’s Law  Problem (1) on Dalton’s Law A mixture of oxygen and neon contains oxygen at …

– In this subject, we will discuss Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (Statement, Mathematical, Importance, Application). Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures – Thus far we have concentrated on the behavior of pure gaseous substances, but experimental studies very often involve mixtures of gases. – For example, for a study of air …

Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules – In the previous subject, we talked about the concept of Hybridization and the types of Hybridization, but in this subject, we will talk about Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules. – Diatomic molecules must all be invariably linear but tri-and tetra-atomic molecules have several possible …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Density of gas (Definition, Equation, Solved Examples) The Density of gas – From the ideal gas equation: – If we rearrange the ideal gas equation, we can calculate the density of a gas: – The number of moles of the gas, n, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Molar Mass of gas (Definition, Equation, Solved Examples) The Molar Mass of a gas – From what we have seen so far, you may have the impression that the molar mass of a substance is found by examining its formula and summing …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Hybridization: Definition, Types, Rules, and Examples – While the formation of simple molecules could be explained adequately by the overlap of atomic orbitals, the formation of molecules of Be, B, and C present problems of greater magnitude having no solution with the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Relationships between Structure and Acidity. – The strength of a Brønsted–Lowry acid depends on the extent to which a proton can be separated from it and transferred to a base. – Removing the proton involves breaking a bond to the proton, and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds – For a reaction to be practical, the equilibrium must favor the products, and the reaction rate must be fast enough to form them in a reasonable time. – These two conditions depend on …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to Predict the Outcome of acid-base reaction. How To Predict the Outcome of acid-base reaction – The following table gives the approximate pKa values for a range of representative compounds. – While you probably will not be expected to memorize all of the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa – Many organic reactions involve the transfer of a proton by an acid–base reaction. – An important consideration, therefore, is the relative strengths of compounds that could potentially act as …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Orbital Representation of some Molecules (1) Orbital Representation of H2 molecule – Each hydrogen atom has one electron in 1s-orbital. – Two such atoms join to form a molecule of hydrogen. – In this case s–s overlapping between two 1s-orbitals of hydrogen …

– In this subject, we will discuss Solved Problems on The Ideal gas law  Problem (1) on The ideal gas law  Calculate the volume of a sample of gas originally occupying 908 mL at 717 torr and 20 oC after its temperature and pressure are changed to 72 oC and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Ideal Gas Equation (Definition, Formula, Notes) The Ideal Gas Equation – Let us summarize the gas laws we have discussed so far: – We can combine all three expressions to form a single master equation for the behavior of gases: – This …

– In this subject, we will discuss free download of Physical Chemistry book, 3rd edition by Robert G. Mortimer The Preface of Physical Chemistry book    – The book is divided into four parts: – The first part focuses on the macroscopic properties of physical systems. It begins with the …

– In this subject, we will discuss free download of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry book by V.S. Bagotsky The Preface of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry book – Two very important fields of natural science—chemistry and the science of electricity— matured and grew vigorously during the first half of the nineteenth century. Electrochemistry …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Lewis acid-base theory and Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases  Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases – In 1923 G. N. Lewis proposed a theory that significantly broadened the understanding of acids and bases. – As we go along we shall find that an …