Organic Chemistry

we will talk about some Commercially Important Alcohols such as:  Methanol , Ethanol , isopropyl alcohol (1) Commercially Important Alcohols: Methanol  – Methanol (methyl alcohol) was originally produced by the destructive distillation of wood chips in the absence of air. This source led to the name wood alcohol. – During …

We will discuss here Physical Properties of Alcohols: (A) Boiling Points of Alcohols (B) Solubility Properties of Alcohols Physical Properties of Alcohols – Most of the common alcohols, up to about 11 or 12 carbon atoms, are liquids at room temperature. – Methanol and ethanol are free-flowing volatile liquids with …

In this subject we will talk about Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols (1) Nomenclature of Alcohols: IUPAC Names – The IUPAC system provides unique names for alcohols, based on rules that are similar to those for other classes of compounds. – In general, the name carries the (-ol) suffix, together …

– In this subject we will talk about Structure and Classification of Alcohols. What are Alcohols? – Alcohols are organic compounds containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups. – They are some of the most common and useful compounds in nature, in industry, and around the house. – The word alcohol is one …

Reactions of Alkynes – Many of the reactions of alkynes are similar to the corresponding reactions of alkenes because both involve pi bonds between two carbon atoms. – Like the pi bond of an alkene, the pi bonds of an alkyne are electron-rich, and they readily undergo addition reactions. (A) …

Before we discuss Oxidation of Alkynes we will talk about triple bond of Alkynes What are Alkynes? – Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain carbon–carbon triple bonds. – Alkynes are also called acetylenes because they are derivatives of acetylene, the simplest alkyne – The chemistry of the carbon–carbon triple bond is …

Addition Reactions of Alkynes – Many of the reactions of alkynes are similar to the corresponding reactions of alkenes because both involve pi bonds between two carbon atoms. – Like the pi bond of an alkene, the pi bonds of an alkyne are electron-rich, and they readily undergo addition reactions. …

Synthesis of alkynes – Two different approaches are commonly used for the synthesis of alkynes. – In the first, an appropriate electrophile undergoes nucleophilic attack by an acetylide ion. – The electrophile may be an unhindered primary alkyl halide (undergoes SN2), or it may be a carbonyl compound (undergoes addition …

Acidity of Alkynes: Formation of Acetylide Ions – Acidity of Alkynes is the inportant factor of activity of Alkynes. – Terminal alkynes are much more acidic than other hydrocarbons. – Removal of an acetylenic proton forms an acetylide ion, which plays a central role in alkyne chemistry. – The acidity …

– we studied theThe electronic structureof Alkynes (a triple bond) in This subject: The Structure of Ethyne (Acetylene): sp Hybridization – Let’s review The electronic structureof Alkynes, using acetylene as the example. – The Lewis structure of acetylene shows three pairs of electrons in the region between the carbon nuclei: …

Commercial Importance of Alkynes : Acetylene and Methylacetylene Uses of Acetylene and Methylacetylene – Acetylene is by far the most important commercial alkyne. – and Acetylene is an important industrial feedstock, but its largest use is as the fuel for the oxyacetylene welding torch. – It is a colorless, foul-smelling …

What are Alkynes? – Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain carbon–carbon triple bonds. – Alkynes are also called acetylenes because they are derivatives of acetylene, the simplest alkyne – The chemistry of the carbon–carbon triple bond is similar to that of the double bond. – Alkynes undergo most of the same …

– In this subject we will discuss all famous reactions of alkenes. – The reactions of alkenes include five basic methods as follow: (1) Electrophilic Additions (a) Addition of hydrogen halides – A Russian chemist, Vladimir Markovnikov, first showed the orientation of addition of HBr to alkenes in 1869. – …

Olefin Metathesis – The double bond is the strongest bond in an alkene, yet it is also the most reactive bond. – Imagine how useful it would be if we could break molecules at their double bonds and reassemble them as we please. That is the goal of olefin metathesis. …

Polymerization of Alkenes – A polymer is a large molecule composed of many smaller repeating units (the monomers) bonded together. – Alkenes serve as monomers for some of the most common polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), and many others. – Alkenes polymerize to give addition polymers resulting …

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes Cleavage by Permanganate – In a potassium permanganate dihydroxylation, if the solution is warm or acidic or too concentrated, oxidative cleavage of the glycol may occur. – In effect, the double bond is cleaved to two carbonyl groups. – The products are initially ketones and aldehydes, …

Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes – Converting an alkene to a glycol requires adding a hydroxyl group to each end of the double bond. This addition is called Dihydroxylation of Alkenes or dihydroxylation (or hydroxylation) of the double bond. – We have seen that epoxidation of an alkene, followed by acidic …

Epoxidation of Alkenes – Some of the most important reactions of alkenes involve oxidation. – When we speak of oxidation, we usually mean reactions that form carbon–oxygen bonds. (Halogens are oxidizing agents, and the addition of a halogen molecule across a double bond is formally an oxidation as well.) – …

Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes – Methylene (:CH2) is the simplest of the carbenes: uncharged, reactive intermediates that have a carbon atom with two bonds and two nonbonding electrons. – Like borane (BH3), methylene is a potent electrophile because it has an unfilled octet. – It adds to the electronrich …

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes – Although we have mentioned catalytic hydrogenation before, we now consider the mechanism and stereochemistry in more detail. – Hydrogenation of an alkene is formally a reduction, with H2 adding across the double bond to give an alkane. – The process usually requires a catalyst containing …