General Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Ideal Gas Equation (Definition, Formula, Notes) The Ideal Gas Equation – Let us summarize the gas laws we have discussed so far: – We can combine all three expressions to form a single master equation for the behavior of gases: – This …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Avogadro’s Law: The Volume-Amount Relationship Avogadro’s Law: The Volume-Amount Relationship – The work of the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro complemented the studies of Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac. – In 1811 Avogadro published a hypothesis stating that at the same temperature and pressure, …

– In this subject, we will discuss Charles’s Law: Relationship Between Temperature And Volume ( V-T relationship). Relationship Between Temperature And Volume – Boyle’s law depends on the temperature of the system remaining constant. – But suppose the temperature changes: How does a temperature change affect the volume and pressure …

– In this subject, we will discuss Boyle’s Law: Definition, Mathematical, Graphical, Applications How did Boyle discover his Law? – Robert Boyle (1627–1691) is a British chemist and natural philosopher. – Although Boyle is commonly associated with the gas law that bears his name, he made many other significant contributions …

– In this subject, we will discuss Gas Pressure: Definition, Formula, and Solved problems Gas Pressure – Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact because gas molecules are constantly in motion. – We, humans, have adapted so well physiologically to the pressure of the air …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Gaseous Substances: Substances That Exist as Gases Gaseous Substances – Under certain conditions of pressure and temperature, most substances can exist in any one of three states of matter: solid, liquid, or gas. – Water, for example, can be solid ice, liquid …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Redox Reactions: Types, Examples, Applications, Balancing. Types of Redox Reactions – Among the most common oxidation-reduction reactions are: Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions Combustion Reactions Displacement Reactions Disproportionation Reaction (1) Combination Reactions   – A combination reaction is a reaction in which two or …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acid-Base Reactions: Definition, Examples, and Uses – Acids and bases are as familiar as aspirin and milk of magnesia although many people do not know their chemical names—acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia). – In addition to being the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Precipitation Reactions: Definition and Examples What are Precipitation Reactions? – One common type of reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution is the precipitation reaction, which results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate. – A precipitate is an insoluble …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Aqueous Solutions: Definition, Examples, Electrolytic Properties Difference between Solution, solute, solvent – A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. – The solute is the substance present in a smaller amount, and the solvent is the substance present in …

Exceptions to the octet rule  – For a time it was believed that all compounds obeyed the Octet rule or the Rule of Eight. – However, it gradually became apparent that quite a few molecules had non-octet structures. – Atoms in these molecules could have number of electrons in the …

– In this subject, we will discuss Bronsted-Lowry theory for acids and bases Acid-base reactions  – We begin our study of chemical reactions and mechanisms by examining some of the basic principles of acid-base chemistry. – There are several reasons for doing this: (1) Many of the reactions that occur …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solution – Water is the most plentiful solvent on Earth, is easily purified, and is not toxic. – It is, therefore, widely used as a medium for chemical analyses. Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes  – Most of the solutes …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Concentration of Solutions Concentration of Solutions (Definitions, Formulas, Solved Problems). Concentration of Solutions – For history, measurements and their corresponding units were invented at the local level. – By necessity of primitive communication and local technology, standards were nearly nonexistent, and conversions …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Fundamentals of Chemistry book by Romain Elsair. Aim of Fundamentals of Chemistry book – This book addresses first-year students and aims at: (1) Developing further knowledge and understanding of some core scientific concepts and principles (2) Improving ability to …

Reaction Yield – The amount of limiting reagent present at the start of a reaction determines the theoretical yield of the reaction, that is, the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagents reacted. – The theoretical yield, then, is the maximum obtainable yield, predicted by the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Limiting Reagent (Definition, Examples, Problems) Limiting Reagent – When a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants are usually not present in exact stoichiometric amounts, that is, in the proportions indicated by the balanced equation. – Because the goal of a reaction …

– In this subject, we will discuss Amounts of Reactants and Products Amounts of Reactants and Products – A basic question raised in the chemical laboratory is (How much product will be formed from specific amounts of starting materials (reactants)?) Or in some cases, we might ask the reverse question: …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Polar and Nonpolar Molecules. Dipole moment – The dipole moment is a physical property that can be measured experimentally. – It is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge in electrostatic units (esu) and the distance that separates them …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Polar Covalent Bond and Dipole moment. Polar Covalent Bonds – Covalent bonds form by sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities to achieve the configuration of a noble gas. – If we have a compound such as LiF in which the …