Read Chemistry

– In this topic, we will discuss the Williamson Ether Synthesis : Mechanism, Examples and Solved problems. Williamson Ether Synthesis – We have already seen most of the common methods for synthesizing ethers. – We review them at this time, looking more closely at the mechanisms to see which methods …

Democritus’s ideas about atoms – The Greek philosopher Democritus (470–400 BC) suggested that all matter is composed of tiny, discrete, indivisible particles that he called atoms. – His ideas, based entirely on philosophical speculation rather than experimental evidence, were rejected for 2000 years. – By the late 1700s, scientists began …

– In this topic, we will discuss the Macromolecules : Definition and Molecular Weight What are Macromolecules? – Colloidal solutions are formed by aggregation of atoms or molecules to give particles of colloidal size. – Macromolecules are substances which are themselves composed of giant molecules and dissolve in a solvent …

– In the last topic in biochemistry in our website, we talked about: Primary structure of Protein , Secondary Structure of Protein. now we will discuss Tertiary structure of globular proteins. Tertiary structure of globular proteins – The primary structure of a polypeptide chain determines its tertiary structure. – “Tertiary” …

Spectroscopy of Ethers – Here we will discuss Spectroscopy of Ethers: IR Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy, 13C NMR amd 1H NMR.  Infrared Spectroscopy of Ethers – Infrared spectra do not show obvious or reliable absorptions for ethers. – Most ethers give a moderate to strong C-O stretch around 1000 to 1200 …

Difference Between Heat and Temperature – Heat is one form of energy. – Many forms of energy can be interconverted and that in chemical processes, chemical energy is converted to heat energy or vice versa. – The amount of heat a process uses (endothermic) or gives off (exothermic) can tell …

– In the last topic in Biochemistry section , we discussed The Protein Primary Structure but now we will talk about Protein Secondary Structure. Secondary structure of protein – The polypeptide backbone does not assume a random three-dimensional structure, but instead generally forms regular arrangements of amino acids that are …

Nomenclature of Ethers – We have been using the common nomenclature of ethers, which is sometimes called the alkyl alkyl ether system. – The IUPAC system, generally used with more complicated ethers, is sometimes called the alkoxy alkane system. – Common names are almost always used for simple ethers. Common …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Density and Specific gravity: Definition and Solved problems. Definition of Density – In science, we use many terms that involve combinations of different units. – Such quantities may be thought of as unit factors that can be used to convert among these …

Second Law of Thermodynamics: MCQ Quiz with answers – In this subject, you will find 49 questions and answers MCQ on The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 1. A process which proceeds of its own accord, without any outside assistance, is called  ____ . (a) non-spontaneous process (b) spontaneous process (c) …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Applications of Colloids. Applications of Colloids – Colloids play an important role in our daily life and industry. – A knowledge of colloid chemistry is essential to understand some of the various natural phenomena around us. – Colloids make up some of …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Primary structure of the Protein. Primary structure of Protein – The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the primary structure of the protein. – Understanding the primary structure of protein is important because many genetic diseases result in proteins …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Physical Properties of Ethers. Introduction to Ethers  – Ethers are compounds of formula R-O-R’ where R and R’ may be alkyl groups or aryl (benzene ring) groups. – Like alcohols, ethers are related to water, with alkyl groups replacing the hydrogen atoms. …

– In this topic, we will discuss The Physical and Chemical properties of Matter and The Physical and Chemical Changes. Physical and Chemical  properties – To distinguish among samples of different kinds of matter, we determine and compare their properties. – We recognize different kinds of matter by their properties, …

– In this topic, we will discuss some Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy. Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy accidentally equivalent nuclei – Nuclei that are not chemically equivalent, yet absorb at nearly the same chemical shift and are not resolved. – Nuclei that absorb at the same chemical shift cannot …

– In this topic, we will discuss Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging – When chemists use NMR spectroscopy, they take great pains to get the most uniform magnetic field possible (often homogeneous to within one part per billion). – They place small tubes of homogeneous solutions in …

Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra – Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra (13C NMR spectra) uses the same principles as interpreting 1H NMR spectra. – In fact, carbon spectra are often easier to interpret. – The 13C NMR spectrum provides the following information: (1) The number of different signals implies how many different …

What’s the difference between Solids, liquids, and gases? – It is easy to tell the difference between solids, liquids and gases – A solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. It does not flow. Think of all the solid things around you: their shapes and volumes do not …

Acidic and Basic Properties of Amino acids – Amino acids in aqueous solution contain weakly acidic α-carboxyl groups and weakly basic α-amino groups. – In addition, each of the acidic and basic amino acids contains an ionizable group in its side chain. – Thus, both free amino acids and some …

Definition of Matter and Energy What is Matter? – Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. – Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter  in a sample of any material. – The more massive an object is, the more force is required to put it in …