NMR – Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy

– In this topic, we will discuss some Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy.

Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy

Essential Terms in NMR spectroscopy

accidentally equivalent nuclei

– Nuclei that are not chemically equivalent, yet absorb at nearly the same chemical shift and are not resolved.

– Nuclei that absorb at the same chemical shift cannot split each other, whether they are chemically equivalent or accidentally equivalent.

chemically equivalent atoms

– Atoms that cannot be distinguished chemically.

– The replacement test for chemically equivalent atoms gives identical compounds.

chemical shift

– The difference (in ppm) between the resonance frequency of the proton (or carbon nucleus) being observed and that of tetramethylsilane (TMS).

– Chemical shifts are usually given on the δ (delta) scale, in parts per million downfield from TMS.

complex splitting

– Splitting by two or more different kinds of protons with different coupling constants.

coupling constant (J)

– The distance (in hertz) between two adjacent peaks of a multiplet.

DEPT

– (Distortionless Enhanced Polarization Transfer) A method of running several 13C experiments with different pulse sequences so that the carbon atoms appear differently depending on whether they are bonded to 0, 1, 2, or 3 protons.

deshielded

– Bonded to a group that withdraws part of the electron density from around the nucleus.

– The absorptions of deshielded nuclei are moved downfield, resulting in larger chemical shifts.

diastereotopic atoms

– Nuclei that occupy diastereomeric positions.

– The replacement test for diastereotopic atoms gives diastereomers.

– Diastereotopic nuclei can be distinguished by NMR, and they can split each other unless they are accidentally = equivalent.

downfield

– At a lower value of the applied magnetic field, toward the left (higher values of ) on the NMR spectrum.

– The more deshielded a nucleus is, the farther downfield it absorbs.

Fourier transform spectroscopy

– Spectroscopy that involves collecting transients (containing all the different resonance frequencies) and converting the averaged transients into a spectrum using the mathematical Fourier transform.

transient

– (free induction decay, or FID): The signal that results when many nuclei are irradiated by a pulse of energy and precess at their resonance frequencies. (p.603)

gyromagnetic ratio (γ)

– A measure of the magnetic properties of a nucleus.

– The resonance frequency 1n2 is given by the equation

where Beff is the effective magnetic field at the nucleus.

– The gyromagnetic ratio of a proton is 26,753 sec-1 gauss-1.

– The gyromagnetic ratio of a 13C nucleus is 6728 sec-1 gauss-1

induced magnetic field

– The magnetic field set up by the motion of electrons in a molecule (or in a wire) in response to the application of an external magnetic field.

integration

– The measurement of the area under a peak, proportional to the number of protons giving rise to that peak.

magnetically coupled

– Nuclei that are close enough that their magnetic fields influence each other, resulting in spin-spinsplitting.

magnetic moment

– The magnitude of a nuclear magnetic field, characterized by the gyromagnetic ratio.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

– The medical term for NMR imaging, avoiding the word nuclear.

– Use of field gradients in a large-bore magnet to scan two-dimensional slices of a patient’s body.

multiplet

– A group of peaks resulting from the spin-spin splitting of the signal from a single type of nucleus.

– A doublet has two peaks, a triplet has three peaks, a quartet has four peaks, etc.

N+1 rule

– A signal that is being split by N neighboring equivalent protons is split into a multiplet with N+1 individual peaks.

NMR

– (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) A form of spectroscopy that measures the absorption of radio frequency energy by nuclei in a magnetic field.

– The energy absorbed causes nuclear spin transitions.

carbon magnetic resonance

– (13C NMR ,CMR): NMR of the isotope of carbon.

proton magnetic resonance

– ( 1H NMR , PMR): NMR of protons.

off-resonance decoupling

– A technique used with 13C NMR in which only the protons directly bonded to a carbon atom cause spin-spin splitting.

relaxation time

– A measure of how slowly the nuclear spins return to their normal state after an RF pulse near their resonance frequency.

– Alternatively, the evening after a chemistry exam.

shielded

– Surrounded by electrons whose induced magnetic field opposes the externally applied magnetic field.

– The effective magnetic field at the shielded nucleus is less than the applied magnetic field.

spin decoupling

– Elimination of spin-spin splitting by constantly irradiating one type of nuclei at its resonance frequency.

spin-spin splitting

– (magnetic coupling) The interaction of the magnetic fields of two or more nuclei, usually through the bonds connecting them.

– Spin-spin splitting converts a single signal to a multiplet, a set of smaller peaks.

TMS

– Tetramethylsilane, an NMR standard whose absorption is defined as δ 0.00.

– At a higher value of the applied magnetic field, toward the right (lower values of δ) on the NMR spectrum.

– The more shielded a nucleus is, the farther upfield it absorbs. 

References:

  • Organic chemistry / L.G. Wade, Jr / 8th ed, 2013 / Pearson Education, Inc. USA.
  • Fundamental of Organic Chemistry / John McMurry, Cornell University/ 8th ed, 2016 / Cengage Learningm, Inc. USA.
  • Organic Chemistry / T.W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle , Scott A. Snyder / 11 ed, 2014/ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.

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