Organic Chemistry

      ** Organic chemists use a variety of formats to write structural formulas. ** Structural Formulas are written by: (1) Ball-and-stick model (2) Electron-dot formula (lewis structure) (3) Dash formula (4) Condensed formula (5) Bond-line formula ** Examples of these types of structural formulas are shown in  the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Formal Charge: Definition, Formula, Calculation, Examples Formal Charge and How To Calculate – Many Lewis structures are incomplete until we decide whether any of their atoms have a formal charge. – Calculating the formal charge on an atom in a Lewis structure …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Lewis Structures: Definition, Overview, Structural Formula, Examples Definition of Lewis structures – A Lewis structure is a structural representation of a molecule where dots are used to show electron positions around the atoms and lines or dot pairs represent covalent bonds between …

  The Relative Stabilities of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain ** Cycloalkanes do not all have the same relative stability. Experiments have shown that cyclohexane is the most stable cycloalkane and that, in comparison, cyclopropane and cyclobutane are much less stable. This difference in relative stability is due to ring strain, which comprises …

  Conformational Analysis of Butane ** Now let us consider rotation about the C2—C3 bond of butane. The barriers to rotation about the C2—C3 bond in butane are larger than for rotation about the C—C bond in ethane, but still not large enough to prevent the rotations that lead to …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Sigma Bond and Bond Rotation – Two groups bonded by only a single bond can undergo rotation about that bond for each other: – The temporary molecular shapes that result from such a rotation are called conformations of the molecule. – Each possible structure …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes: Monocyclic, Bicyclic What are Cycloalkanes? – Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes, or alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds, and have the general formula (CH2)n or CnH2n.  – Cycloalkanes are named by adding “cyclo” before the parent name of the alkane. – …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nomenclature of Alkanes: Rules, IUPAC Name, Common Name What is Alkanes? – Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. – In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it.  …

What is Alkanes? – Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. – In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it. – We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons because the physical properties of the higher …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry. Functional Groups – Carbon combines with other atoms (e.g., H, N, O, S, halogens) to form structural units called functional groups. – Functional groups are important for three reasons. – First, they are the units by which …