Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds. It’s essential in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and biochemistry, exploring mechanisms, functional groups, and synthesis of complex molecules.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes Cleavage by Permanganate – In a potassium permanganate dihydroxylation, if the solution is warm or acidic…
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Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes – Converting an alkene to a glycol requires adding a hydroxyl group to each end of…
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Epoxidation of Alkenes
Epoxidation of Alkenes – Some of the most important reactions of alkenes involve oxidation. – When we speak of oxidation,…
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Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes
Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes – Methylene (:CH2) is the simplest of the carbenes: uncharged, reactive intermediates that have a…
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Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes – Although we have mentioned catalytic hydrogenation before, we now consider the mechanism and stereochemistry in…
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Formation of Halohydrin
Formation of Halohydrin – A halohydrin is an alcohol with a halogen on the adjacent carbon atom. – In the…
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Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes – Addition of Halogens to Alkenes gives vicinal dihalides. (A) Mechanism of Halogen Addition –…
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Hydroboration of Alkenes
Hydroboration of Alkenes – We have seen two methods for hydrating an alkene with Markovnikov orientation. – What if we…
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Oxymercuration–demercuration of alkenes
– Oxymercuration–demercuration of alkenes is another method for converting alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation. Hydration of alkenes by Oxymercuration–Demercuration…
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Hydration of Alkenes: Addition of Water
Hydration of Alkenes will be discussed by Addition of Water Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes – An alkene may…
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Common Uses of Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides as Solvents – Alkyl halides are used primarily as industrial and household solvents. – Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was…
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Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes: Markovnikov’s Rule
Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes : Markovnikov’s Rule Orientation of Addition: Markovnikov’s Rule – The simple mechanism shown for…
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Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes Reactivity of the Carbon–Carbon Double Bond – All alkenes have a common feature: a carbon–carbon double…
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Synthesis of Alkenes – Six methods
Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes – Six methods for Synthesis of Alkenes will be discussed as follow: (1) Dehydrohalogenation of…
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Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods
Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods (1) Catalytic Cracking of Alkanes – The least expensive way to make alkenes on…
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Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols – Dehydration of alcohols is a common method for making alkenes. The word dehydration…
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Alkene Synthesis by Elimination of Alkyl Halides
Alkene Synthesis by Elimination of Alkyl Halides – Dehydrohalogenation is the elimination of a hydrogen and a halogen from an…
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Physical Properties of Alkenes
Physical Properties of Alkenes (1) Boiling Points and Densities – Most physical properties of alkenes are similar to those of…
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Stability of Alkenes
Stability of Alkenes – In making alkenes, we often find that the major product is the most stable alkene. –…
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Commercial Importance of Alkenes
Commercial Importance of Alkenes – Because the carbon–carbon double bond is readily converted to other functional groups, alkenes are important…
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