Physical Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Covalent Bond (Definition, Examples, Types, Properties) Covalent Bond  – The electron transfer theory could not explain the bonding in molecules such as H2, O2, Cl2, etc., and in organic molecules, that had no ions. – It was G.N. Lewis who suggested that two …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Ionic Bond (Definition, Examples, Types, Properties) Ionic Bond   – This type of bond is established by the transfer of an electron from one atom to another. – Let us consider a general case when an atom (A) has one electron in …

– In this subject, we will discuss the important Terms and Definitions of Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bond  – Molecules of chemical substances are made of two or more atoms joined together by some force, acting between them. – This force which results from the interaction between the various atoms that …

Nuclear Chemistry Quiz – In this subject, you will find 40 questions and answers MCQ on Nuclear Chemistry  1. Which is the correct symbol for an alpha particle? (a) 4He2 (b) 1n0 (c) 0e-1 (d) 1p1 Answer. (a) 2. Of the following, which is the most damaging when ingested? (a) …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Fusion Process ( Definition, Occurrence, Examples, Applications) Nuclear Fusion Process  – The Nuclear Fusion Process is the opposite of nuclear fission. – Nuclear fusion may be defined as the process in which two lightweight nuclei combine or fuse to form a …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Reactor (Definition, Components) Nuclear Reactor – It has been possible to control the fission of U-235 so that energy is released slowly at a usable rate. – Controlled fission is carried out in a specially designed plant called a nuclear power …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Fission (Definition, Properties, Examples, Applications) Nuclear Fission Process   – In 1939, Hahn and Stassmann discovered that a heavy atomic nucleus of uranium-235 upon bombardment by a neutron splits apart into two or more nuclei. – U-235 first absorbs a neutron …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Concise Physical Chemistry book by Donald W.Rogers The Preface of Concise Physical Chemistry book    – Physical chemistry stands at the intersection of the power and generality of classical and quantum physics with the minute molecular complexity of chemistry …

– In this subject, we will discuss Free Download Electrochemistry book (Principles, Methods, and Applications) The Preface of Electrochemistry book – Electrochemistry has undergone significant transformations in the last few decades. – It is not now the province of academics interested only in measuring thermodynamic properties of solutions or of …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Fundamentals of Chemistry book by Romain Elsair. Aim of Fundamentals of Chemistry book – This book addresses first-year students and aims at: (1) Developing further knowledge and understanding of some core scientific concepts and principles (2) Improving ability to …

 – In this subject, we will discuss Nuclear Binding Energy: (Definition, Formula, Explanation) Nuclear Binding Energy – The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons closely packed in a small volume. – Although there exist intensive repulsive forces between the component protons, the nucleus is not split apart. This …

 – In this subject, we will discuss the energy released in Nuclear Reactions: Nuclear Binding Energy Einstein’s Equation Relating Mass and Energy  – According to Albert Einstein, mass can be converted into energy and vice versa. – His famous equation relating mass and energy is: where E = energy ; m …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Equations: Balancing, Rules, Practice Nuclear Equations – Similar to a chemical reaction, nuclear reactions can be represented by equations. – These equations involving the nuclei of the reactants and products are called nuclear equations. – The nuclear reactions occur by redistribution …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Reaction: Definition, Types, Examples, and Equations. Nuclear Reaction – In a chemical reaction, there is merely a rearrangement of extranuclear electrons. – The atomic nucleus remains intact. – A nuclear reaction involves a change in the composition of the nucleus. – …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Radioactive Dating: Definition, Formula, Examples Radioactivity – Several elements such as uranium and radium are unstable. – Their atomic nucleus breaks off its own accord to form a smaller atomic nucleus of another element. – The protons and neutrons in the unstable …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Half-life time and radioactive decay: Equations, Calculations Rate of radioactive decay  – The decay of a radioactive isotope takes place by disintegration of the atomic nucleus. – It is not influenced by any external conditions. – Therefore the rate of decay is …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Radioactive Disintegration Series: Definition, Examples Radioactivity – Several elements such as uranium and radium are unstable. – Their atomic nucleus breaks off its own accord to form a smaller atomic nucleus of another element. – The protons and neutrons in the unstable …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Radioactive decay: Definition, Types, Examples Types of Radioactive Decay – According to the theory put forward by Rutherford and Soddy (1903), radioactivity is a nuclear property. – The nucleus of a radioactive atom is unstable. – It undergoes decay or disintegration by …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Detection and measurement of Radioactivity. Detection and measurement of Radioactivity – Radioactivity can be detected and measured by several methods. – The important ones used in modern practice are listed below. (1) Cloud Chamber  (2) Ionization Chamber (3) Geiger-Muller Counter (4) Scintillation …

  Nuclear reaction   ** A nuclear reaction is different from a chemical reaction. ** In a chemical reaction, atoms of the reactants combine by a rearrangement of extranuclear electrons but the nuclei of the atoms remain unchanged. ** In a nuclear reaction, on the other hand, it is the …