Analytical Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Molarity: definition, formula, solved Problems  – To study solution stoichiometry, we must know how much of the reactants are present in a solution and also how to control the amounts of reactants used to bring about a reaction in aqueous solution. The …

– In this subject, we will discuss Types of Equilibrium Constants used in Analytical Chemistry. Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium constants – Many reactions used in analytical chemistry never result in the complete conversion of reactants to products. – Instead, they proceed to a state of chemical equilibrium in which the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solution – Water is the most plentiful solvent on Earth, is easily purified, and is not toxic. – It is, therefore, widely used as a medium for chemical analyses. Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes  – Most of the solutes …

In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Stoichiometry: Definition, Formula, Example Chemical Stoichiometry – Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship among the amounts of reacting chemical species. – This subject provides a brief review of stoichiometry and its applications to chemical calculations. – The stoichiometry of a reaction is the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Concentration of Solutions Concentration of Solutions (Definitions, Formulas, Solved Problems). Concentration of Solutions – For history, measurements and their corresponding units were invented at the local level. – By necessity of primitive communication and local technology, standards were nearly nonexistent, and conversions …

  SI Units   – Scientists throughout the world have adopted a standardized system of units known as the International System of Units (SI). – This system (SI) is based on the seven fundamental base units shown in Table (1). – Numerous other useful units, such as volts, hertz, coulombs, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Safety in the laboratory Safety in The Laboratory – There is necessarily a degree of risk associated with any work in a chemical laboratory. – Accidents can and do happen. – Strict adherence to the following rules will go far toward preventing …

The Laboratory Notebook – A laboratory notebook is needed to record measurements and observations concerning an analysis. – The book should be permanently bound with consecutively numbered pages (if necessary, the pages should be hand-numbered before any entries are made). – Most notebooks have more than ample room, so there …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to Calibrate Volumetric Glassware in the laboratory Calibration of Volumetric Glassware – Volumetric glassware is calibrated by measuring the mass of a liquid (usually distilled or deionized water) of known density and temperature that is contained in (or delivered by) the volumetric …

  Volumetric Flask – A volumetric flask is manufactured with capacities ranging from 5 mL to 5 L and is usually calibrated to contain (TC) a specified volume when filled to a line etched on the neck.  – They are used for the preparation of standard solutions and the dilution …

Pipets – Pipets permit the transfer of accurately known volumes from one container to another. – Common types are shown in Figure (1), and information concerning their use is given in Table (1).  – A volumetric, or transfer, pipet (Figure 1a) delivers a single, fixed volume between 0.5 and 200 …

Burets – Burets, like measuring pipets, make it possible to deliver any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device. – The precision attainable with a buret is substantially greater than the precision with a pipet. – A buret consists of a calibrated tube to hold the titrant plus …

– The precise measurement of volume is as important to many analytical methods as the precise measurement of mass. (1) Units of Volume – The unit of volume is the liter (L), defined as one cubic decimeter. – The milliliter (mL) is one one-thousandth of a liter (0.001 L) and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Filtration and Ignition of Solids. – Several techniques and experimental arrangements allow solids to be filtered and ignited with minimal contamination and error. (1) Apparatus for Filtration of Solids (a) Simple Crucibles  – Simple crucibles serve only as containers. – Porcelain, aluminum …

  Percent Composition of Compounds **As we have seen, the formula of a compound tells us the numbers of atoms of each element in a unit of the compound. ** However, suppose we needed to verify the purity of a compound for use in a laboratory experiment. We could calculate …

– In this subject, we will discuss Calculating the pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions Total and partial ionization – When an acid or base is dissolved in water, it will dissociate, or ionize According to the equations:  – The amount of ionization is dependent on the strength of …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Free Download Analytical Chemistry book (7th edition) by Gary D.Christian Introduction to Analytical Chemistry book What is Analytical chemistry? – Analytical chemistry is concerned with the chemical characterization of matter, both qualitative and quantitative. – It is important in nearly every aspect …

– In this subject, we will discuss the pH Scale: Definition, formula, Notes, Solved problems  pH Scale – The concentration of H+ or OH− in aqueous solution can vary over extremely wide ranges, from 1 M or greater to 10−14 M or less. – To construct a plot of H+ concentration against some variable …

– In this subject, we will discuss Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water. Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water – When an acid or base is dissolved in water, it will dissociate, or ionize According to the equations:  – The amount of ionization is dependent on the strength of the acid or the base. …

– In this subject, we will discuss Acid-Base Theories: Arrhenius, Lewis, and Bronsted-Lowry Theory Acid-base Theories – Several acid–base theories have been proposed to explain or classify acidic and basic properties of substances. – You are probably most familiar with the Arrhenius theory, which applies only to water. – Other …