Read Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acidity Differences between Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids Acidity of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols – Carboxylic acids are weak acids, typically having pKa values in the range of 3–5. – Alcohols, by comparison, have pKa values in the range of 15–18 and essentially do …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. Introduction to The Kinetic Molecular Theory – The gas laws help us to predict the behavior of gases, but they do not explain what happens at the molecular level to cause the changes we observe in the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Acid and Base Dissociation Constants (Ka and Kb) Acid and Base Dissociation Constants – When a weak acid or a weak base is dissolved in water, partial dissociation occurs. – Thus, for nitrous acid, we can write: – where Ka is the …

– Before you solve these problems, you can read this subject for Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (Statement, Mathematical, Importance, Application). – Let us understand Dalton’s law by solving these problems. Solved Problems on Dalton’s Law  Problem (1) on Dalton’s Law A mixture of oxygen and neon contains oxygen at …

– In this subject, we will discuss Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (Statement, Mathematical, Importance, Application). Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures – Thus far we have concentrated on the behavior of pure gaseous substances, but experimental studies very often involve mixtures of gases. – For example, for a study of air …

Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules – In the previous subject, we talked about the concept of Hybridization and the types of Hybridization, but in this subject, we will talk about Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules. – Diatomic molecules must all be invariably linear but tri-and tetra-atomic molecules have several possible …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Density of gas (Definition, Equation, Solved Examples) The Density of gas – From the ideal gas equation: – If we rearrange the ideal gas equation, we can calculate the density of a gas: – The number of moles of the gas, n, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Molar Mass of gas (Definition, Equation, Solved Examples) The Molar Mass of a gas – From what we have seen so far, you may have the impression that the molar mass of a substance is found by examining its formula and summing …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Hybridization: Definition, Types, Rules, and Examples – While the formation of simple molecules could be explained adequately by the overlap of atomic orbitals, the formation of molecules of Be, B, and C present problems of greater magnitude having no solution with the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Relationships between Structure and Acidity. – The strength of a Brønsted–Lowry acid depends on the extent to which a proton can be separated from it and transferred to a base. – Removing the proton involves breaking a bond to the proton, and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds – For a reaction to be practical, the equilibrium must favor the products, and the reaction rate must be fast enough to form them in a reasonable time. – These two conditions depend on …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to Predict the Outcome of acid-base reaction. How To Predict the Outcome of acid-base reaction – The following table gives the approximate pKa values for a range of representative compounds. – While you probably will not be expected to memorize all of the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength: Ka and pKa – Many organic reactions involve the transfer of a proton by an acid–base reaction. – An important consideration, therefore, is the relative strengths of compounds that could potentially act as …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Orbital Representation of some Molecules (1) Orbital Representation of H2 molecule – Each hydrogen atom has one electron in 1s-orbital. – Two such atoms join to form a molecule of hydrogen. – In this case s–s overlapping between two 1s-orbitals of hydrogen …

– In this subject, we will discuss Solved Problems on The Ideal gas law  Problem (1) on The ideal gas law  Calculate the volume of a sample of gas originally occupying 908 mL at 717 torr and 20 oC after its temperature and pressure are changed to 72 oC and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Ideal Gas Equation (Definition, Formula, Notes) The Ideal Gas Equation – Let us summarize the gas laws we have discussed so far: – We can combine all three expressions to form a single master equation for the behavior of gases: – This …

– In this subject, we will discuss free download of Physical Chemistry book, 3rd edition by Robert G. Mortimer The Preface of Physical Chemistry book    – The book is divided into four parts: – The first part focuses on the macroscopic properties of physical systems. It begins with the …

– In this subject, we will discuss free download of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry book by V.S. Bagotsky The Preface of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry book – Two very important fields of natural science—chemistry and the science of electricity— matured and grew vigorously during the first half of the nineteenth century. Electrochemistry …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Lewis acid-base theory and Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases  Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases – In 1923 G. N. Lewis proposed a theory that significantly broadened the understanding of acids and bases. – As we go along we shall find that an …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Avogadro’s Law: The Volume-Amount Relationship Avogadro’s Law: The Volume-Amount Relationship – The work of the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro complemented the studies of Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac. – In 1811 Avogadro published a hypothesis stating that at the same temperature and pressure, …