Read Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Precipitation Reactions: Definition and Examples What are Precipitation Reactions? – One common type of reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution is the precipitation reaction, which results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate. – A precipitate is an insoluble …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Aqueous Solutions: Definition, Examples, Electrolytic Properties Difference between Solution, solute, solvent – A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. – The solute is the substance present in a smaller amount, and the solvent is the substance present in …

Exceptions to the octet rule  – For a time it was believed that all compounds obeyed the Octet rule or the Rule of Eight. – However, it gradually became apparent that quite a few molecules had non-octet structures. – Atoms in these molecules could have number of electrons in the …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to use Curved Arrows in illustrating Reactions. How to use Curved Arrows in illustrating reactions – Up to this point, we have not indicated how bonding changes occur in the reactions we have presented, but this can easily be done using curved-arrow …

– In this subject, we will discuss Bronsted-Lowry theory for acids and bases Acid-base reactions  – We begin our study of chemical reactions and mechanisms by examining some of the basic principles of acid-base chemistry. – There are several reasons for doing this: (1) Many of the reactions that occur …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to interpret an IR spectrum without any Knowledge of the structure How to interpret IR Spectrum without any Knowledge of the structure  – IR spectroscopy is an incredibly powerful tool for functional group identification, as we have seen in the preceding subjects. …

Interpreting IR Spectra – IR spectra contain a wealth of information about the structures of compounds. – We show some of the information that can be gathered from the spectra of octane and methylbenzene (commonly called toluene) in Figs.1 and 2. – In this subject, we shall learn how to …

– In this subject, we will discuss Infrared Spectroscopy: Instrumental Method for Detecting Functional Groups. Infrared Spectroscopy – Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy ): is a simple, rapid, and nondestructive instrumental technique that can give evidence for the presence of various functional groups. – If you had a sample of unknown …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Polar Covalent Bond: Definition, Properties, Examples Polar Covalent Bonds – In the H2 or Cl2 molecule, the two electrons constituting the covalent bond are equally shared by the two identical nuclei. – Due to the even distribution of (+) and (–) charge, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the hydrogen Bonding (Definition, types, Examples, Characteristics) Hydrogen Bonding (H-Bonding) – When hydrogen (H) is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom X (O, N, F), the shared electron pair is pulled so close to X that a strong dipole results – Since the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Coordinate Bond: (Definition, Formation, Examples) Coordinate bond – In a normal covalent bond, each of the two bonded atoms contributes one electron to make the shared pair. – In some cases, a covalent bond is formed when both electrons are supplied entirely …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Covalent Bond (Definition, Examples, Types, Properties) Covalent Bond  – The electron transfer theory could not explain the bonding in molecules such as H2, O2, Cl2, etc., and in organic molecules, that had no ions. – It was G.N. Lewis who suggested that two …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Ionic Bond (Definition, Examples, Types, Properties) Ionic Bond   – This type of bond is established by the transfer of an electron from one atom to another. – Let us consider a general case when an atom (A) has one electron in …

– In this subject, we will discuss bond Breaking and Bond Making in Organic Compounds. Bond Breaking and Bond Making  – Having now learned how to write and identify some common kinds of organic reactions, we can turn to a discussion of reaction mechanisms. – A reaction mechanism is a …

– In this subject, we will discuss Types of Equilibrium Constants used in Analytical Chemistry. Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium constants – Many reactions used in analytical chemistry never result in the complete conversion of reactants to products. – Instead, they proceed to a state of chemical equilibrium in which the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the important Terms and Definitions of Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bond  – Molecules of chemical substances are made of two or more atoms joined together by some force, acting between them. – This force which results from the interaction between the various atoms that …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solution – Water is the most plentiful solvent on Earth, is easily purified, and is not toxic. – It is, therefore, widely used as a medium for chemical analyses. Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes  – Most of the solutes …

Nuclear Chemistry Quiz – In this subject, you will find 40 questions and answers MCQ on Nuclear Chemistry  1. Which is the correct symbol for an alpha particle? (a) 4He2 (b) 1n0 (c) 0e-1 (d) 1p1 Answer. (a) 2. Of the following, which is the most damaging when ingested? (a) …

In this subject, we will discuss the Chemical Stoichiometry: Definition, Formula, Example Chemical Stoichiometry – Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship among the amounts of reacting chemical species. – This subject provides a brief review of stoichiometry and its applications to chemical calculations. – The stoichiometry of a reaction is the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Fusion Process ( Definition, Occurrence, Examples, Applications) Nuclear Fusion Process  – The Nuclear Fusion Process is the opposite of nuclear fission. – Nuclear fusion may be defined as the process in which two lightweight nuclei combine or fuse to form a …