Read Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Safety in the laboratory Safety in The Laboratory – There is necessarily a degree of risk associated with any work in a chemical laboratory. – Accidents can and do happen. – Strict adherence to the following rules will go far toward preventing …

The Laboratory Notebook – A laboratory notebook is needed to record measurements and observations concerning an analysis. – The book should be permanently bound with consecutively numbered pages (if necessary, the pages should be hand-numbered before any entries are made). – Most notebooks have more than ample room, so there …

– In this subject, we will discuss How to Calibrate Volumetric Glassware in the laboratory Calibration of Volumetric Glassware – Volumetric glassware is calibrated by measuring the mass of a liquid (usually distilled or deionized water) of known density and temperature that is contained in (or delivered by) the volumetric …

  Volumetric Flask – A volumetric flask is manufactured with capacities ranging from 5 mL to 5 L and is usually calibrated to contain (TC) a specified volume when filled to a line etched on the neck.  – They are used for the preparation of standard solutions and the dilution …

Pipets – Pipets permit the transfer of accurately known volumes from one container to another. – Common types are shown in Figure (1), and information concerning their use is given in Table (1).  – A volumetric, or transfer, pipet (Figure 1a) delivers a single, fixed volume between 0.5 and 200 …

Burets – Burets, like measuring pipets, make it possible to deliver any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device. – The precision attainable with a buret is substantially greater than the precision with a pipet. – A buret consists of a calibrated tube to hold the titrant plus …

– The precise measurement of volume is as important to many analytical methods as the precise measurement of mass. (1) Units of Volume – The unit of volume is the liter (L), defined as one cubic decimeter. – The milliliter (mL) is one one-thousandth of a liter (0.001 L) and …

– In this subject, we will discuss the general Types of Organic Reactions Types of Organic Reactions – Like other compounds, organic molecules undergo acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions. – Organic molecules also undergo substitution, elimination, and addition reactions. (1) Substitution Reactions – Substitution reaction is a reaction in which an …

– In this subject, we will discuss Writing Equations for Organic Reactions. Writing Equations for Organic Reactions (1) Like other reactions, equations for organic reactions are usually drawn with a single reaction arrow (→) between the starting material and product, but other conventions make these equations look different from those …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Filtration and Ignition of Solids. – Several techniques and experimental arrangements allow solids to be filtered and ignited with minimal contamination and error. (1) Apparatus for Filtration of Solids (a) Simple Crucibles  – Simple crucibles serve only as containers. – Porcelain, aluminum …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Concise Physical Chemistry book by Donald W.Rogers The Preface of Concise Physical Chemistry book    – Physical chemistry stands at the intersection of the power and generality of classical and quantum physics with the minute molecular complexity of chemistry …

– In this subject, we will discuss Free Download Electrochemistry book (Principles, Methods, and Applications) The Preface of Electrochemistry book – Electrochemistry has undergone significant transformations in the last few decades. – It is not now the province of academics interested only in measuring thermodynamic properties of solutions or of …

– In this subject, we will discuss the free download of Fundamentals of Chemistry book by Romain Elsair. Aim of Fundamentals of Chemistry book – This book addresses first-year students and aims at: (1) Developing further knowledge and understanding of some core scientific concepts and principles (2) Improving ability to …

Reaction Yield – The amount of limiting reagent present at the start of a reaction determines the theoretical yield of the reaction, that is, the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagents reacted. – The theoretical yield, then, is the maximum obtainable yield, predicted by the …

 – In this subject, we will discuss Nuclear Binding Energy: (Definition, Formula, Explanation) Nuclear Binding Energy – The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons closely packed in a small volume. – Although there exist intensive repulsive forces between the component protons, the nucleus is not split apart. This …

 – In this subject, we will discuss the energy released in Nuclear Reactions: Nuclear Binding Energy Einstein’s Equation Relating Mass and Energy  – According to Albert Einstein, mass can be converted into energy and vice versa. – His famous equation relating mass and energy is: where E = energy ; m …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nuclear Equations: Balancing, Rules, Practice Nuclear Equations – Similar to a chemical reaction, nuclear reactions can be represented by equations. – These equations involving the nuclei of the reactants and products are called nuclear equations. – The nuclear reactions occur by redistribution …

Solubility of Organic Compounds – Intermolecular forces are of primary importance in explaining the solubility of substances. – Dissolution of a solid in a liquid is, in many respects, like the melting of a solid. – The orderly crystal structure of the solid is destroyed, and the result is the …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Intermolecular Forces in Organic compounds Intermolecular Forces in Organic Compounds – The forces that act between molecules are not as strong as those between ions, but they account for the fact that even completely nonpolar molecules can exist in liquid and solid …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Limiting Reagent (Definition, Examples, Problems) Limiting Reagent – When a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants are usually not present in exact stoichiometric amounts, that is, in the proportions indicated by the balanced equation. – Because the goal of a reaction …