Read Chemistry

  What is the System and  Surroundings ? ** Imagine you have a container holding some material of interest to you, as in Figure  blow. ** The container does a good job of separating the material from everything else.   ** Imagine, too, that you want to make measurements of …

  In most analyses, an analytical balance must be used to measure masses with high accuracy. Less accurate laboratory balances are also used for mass measurements when the demands for reliability are not critical. Types of Analytical Balances What is An analytical balance ? ** An analytical balance is an …

  What is Cycloalkanes? ** Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes, or alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds, and have the general formula (CH2)n or CnH2n.  ** Cycloalkanes are named by adding “cyclo” before the parent name of alkane.   ** Substituted cycloalkanes are named by rules similar to those for open chain …

    The purity of reagents has an important bearing on the accuracy attained in any analysis. It is, therefore, essential that the quality of a reagent be consistent with its intended use. Classifying Chemicals A. Reagent Grade ** Reagent-grade chemicals conform to the minimum standards set forth by the …

  What is Alkanes ? ** Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. ** In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it.   Nomenclature of Alkanes The IUPAC System ** Ideally, every organic compound should have a …

  What is Alkanes ? ** Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. ** In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it.   ** We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons because the physical properties of …

    :(Key points of this lesson (pressure Firstly, Pressure, force divided by area, provides a criterion of mechanical equilibrium for systems free to change their volume   Secondly,Pressure is measured with a barometer.    The states of gases   ** The physical state of a sample of a substance, its …

  Atomic Theory ** In this lesson , we will explain atomic Theory especially, Dalton’s atomic theory.   ** In the fifth century b.c., the Greek philosopher Democritus expressed the belief that all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles. he named atomos (meaning uncuttable or indivisible). ** Although Democritus’ idea was …

  Functional Groups ** Carbon combines with other atoms (e.g., H, N, O, S, halogens) to form structural units called functional groups. ** Functional groups are important for three reasons. First, they are the units by which we divide organic compounds into classes. Second, they are sites of characteristic chemical …