Read Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds. Naming Compounds – In addition to using formulas to show the composition of molecules and compounds, chemists have developed a system for naming substances based on their composition. – we divided naming substances into three categories: (1) Nomenclature of …

– In this subject, we will discuss Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas: Definitions, Examples – Chemists use Chemical formulas to express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbols. – By composition we mean not only the elements present but also the ratios in which the atoms …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: Definition, Types, Examples Atoms – Of all the elements, only the six noble gases in Group 8A of the periodic table (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn) exist in nature as single atoms. – For this reason, …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes: Definition, Formula, and Calculation Atomic number – All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neutrons they contain. – The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element is …

MCQ on: Isotopes, Isobars, and Isotones – In this subject, you will find 25 questions and answers MCQ on Isotopes, Isobars, and Isotones.  1. The atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are called_______ (a) isotopes (b) isobars (c) isotones (d) …

In this subject, the Difference between Isotopes, Isobar, and Isotones will be discussed with some Common Examples for all types. What are Isotopes? Isotopes may be defined as: (1) The atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons are called Isotopes. (2) …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Isotopic effects: definition, Applications Definition of isotopes Isotopes may be defined as : (1) The atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are called Isotopes. (2) The atoms of an element that have the …

– In this subject, we will discuss 7 Examples of isotopes Definition of isotopes Isotopes may be defined as : (1) The atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons are called Isotopes. (2) The atoms of an element that have the same …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Separation of Isotopes by seven methods Separation of Isotopes – Since isotopes have exactly similar chemical properties, their separation by chemical means is out of the question. – Their difference in those physical properties which depend on the mass of the atom …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Identification of Isotopes by Aston’s Mass Spectrograph and Dempster’s Mass Spectrograph Identification of Isotopes – The positive rays produced in a discharge tube consist of nuclei of atoms. – The deflection of positive rays in an electric and magnetic field is proportional …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Isotopes: Definition, representation, Examples What are Isotopes? – Contrary to Dalton’s Atomic theory, all atoms of a given element are not necessarily identical. – Most elements are composed of two or more types of atoms mixed in a fixed proportion. – The …

– In this subject, we will discuss Pressure-volume work – P-V work – the First Law of Thermodynamics Work – Work in thermodynamics is defined as in classical mechanics. – When part of the surroundings exerts a macroscopically measurable force F on matter in the system while this matter moves …

  Equations of State for Ideal gas ** Phenomenological thermodynamics is based on experiment, on measurements that you might make in a lab, garage, or kitchen. ** For example, for any fixed amount of a pure gas, two state variables are pressure, p, and volume, V. Each can be controlled …

  The Relative Stabilities of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain ** Cycloalkanes do not all have the same relative stability. Experiments have shown that cyclohexane is the most stable cycloalkane and that, in comparison, cyclopropane and cyclobutane are much less stable. This difference in relative stability is due to ring strain, which comprises …

  Conformational Analysis of Butane ** Now let us consider rotation about the C2—C3 bond of butane. The barriers to rotation about the C2—C3 bond in butane are larger than for rotation about the C—C bond in ethane, but still not large enough to prevent the rotations that lead to …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Sigma Bond and Bond Rotation – Two groups bonded by only a single bond can undergo rotation about that bond for each other: – The temporary molecular shapes that result from such a rotation are called conformations of the molecule. – Each possible structure …

– In this subject, we will discuss Calculating the pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions Total and partial ionization – When an acid or base is dissolved in water, it will dissociate, or ionize According to the equations:  – The amount of ionization is dependent on the strength of …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Free Download Analytical Chemistry book (7th edition) by Gary D.Christian Introduction to Analytical Chemistry book What is Analytical chemistry? – Analytical chemistry is concerned with the chemical characterization of matter, both qualitative and quantitative. – It is important in nearly every aspect …

– In this subject, we will discuss the pH Scale: Definition, formula, Notes, Solved problems  pH Scale – The concentration of H+ or OH− in aqueous solution can vary over extremely wide ranges, from 1 M or greater to 10−14 M or less. – To construct a plot of H+ concentration against some variable …

– In this subject, we will discuss Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water. Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water – When an acid or base is dissolved in water, it will dissociate, or ionize According to the equations:  – The amount of ionization is dependent on the strength of the acid or the base. …