Read Chemistry

– In this subject, we will discuss the pH Scale: Definition, formula, Notes, Solved problems  pH Scale – The concentration of H+ or OH− in aqueous solution can vary over extremely wide ranges, from 1 M or greater to 10−14 M or less. – To construct a plot of H+ concentration against some variable …

– In this subject, we will discuss Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water. Acid-Base Equilibrium in Water – When an acid or base is dissolved in water, it will dissociate, or ionize According to the equations:  – The amount of ionization is dependent on the strength of the acid or the base. …

– In this subject, we will discuss Acid-Base Theories: Arrhenius, Lewis, and Bronsted-Lowry Theory Acid-base Theories – Several acid–base theories have been proposed to explain or classify acidic and basic properties of substances. – You are probably most familiar with the Arrhenius theory, which applies only to water. – Other …

– In this subject, we will discuss The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Introduction to Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics – Thermodynamics is based on a few statements called laws that have broad applications to physical and chemical systems. – As simple as these laws are, it took many years of observation …

– In this subject, we will discuss The Equipment and Manipulations Associated with weighing. Weighing Equipment and Manipulations – The mass of many solids changes with humidity because they tend to absorb weighable amounts of moisture. – This effect is especially pronounced when a large surface area is exposed, as …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Discovery of the Atom, Nucleus, electron, Proton, and Neutron Definition of atom – Based on Dalton’s atomic theory, we can define an atom as the basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical combination. – Dalton imagined an atom …

– In this subject, we will discuss the System, Surroundings, and State: Definition – Overview What are the System and  Surroundings? – Imagine you have a container holding some material of interest to you, as in the Figure below. – The container does a good job of separating the material …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Analytical Balance: Definition, Principle, Types, Examples – In most analyses, an analytical balance must be used to measure masses with high accuracy. – Less accurate laboratory balances are also used for mass measurements when the demands for reliability are not critical. What …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes: Monocyclic, Bicyclic What are Cycloalkanes? – Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes, or alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds, and have the general formula (CH2)n or CnH2n.  – Cycloalkanes are named by adding “cyclo” before the parent name of the alkane. – …

– In this subject, we will discuss Selecting and handling reagents and other chemicals in an analytical Chemistry laboratory – The purity of reagents has an important bearing on the accuracy attained in any analysis. – It is, therefore, essential that the quality of a reagent be consistent with its …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Nomenclature of Alkanes: Rules, IUPAC Name, Common Name What is Alkanes? – Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. – In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it.  …

What is Alkanes? – Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. – In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it. – We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons because the physical properties of the higher …

– In this subject, we will discuss Gas Pressure: Definition, Units, Measurement    Key points of the Gas Pressure lesson :(Key points of this lesson (gas pressure Firstly, Pressure, force divided by area, provides a criterion of mechanical equilibrium for systems free to change their volume Secondly, Pressure is measured …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Definition, Statement, and Postulates Atomic Theory – In this lesson, we will explain atomic Theory especially, Dalton’s atomic theory. – In the fifth-century b.c., the Greek philosopher Democritus expressed the belief that all matter consists of very small, indivisible …

– In this subject, we will discuss the Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry. Functional Groups – Carbon combines with other atoms (e.g., H, N, O, S, halogens) to form structural units called functional groups. – Functional groups are important for three reasons. – First, they are the units by which …